Branch 2. Measuring and Improving the Interpretation of Violence-Related Constructs
This branch focuses on the measurement and interpretation of psychological constructs related to violence and harmful sexual behaviour. Projects in this area examine how assessment tools are developed, scored, interpreted, and applied across different populations and settings. Research within this branch aims to improve the reliability, validity, fairness, and practical utility of forensic assessment methods used to support clinical and legal decision-making.

Current Projects in Branch 2
Beyond the Total Risk Score: Exploring the Latent Structure of Static-99R

Project Lead: Jordyn Monaghan
Static-99R is the most widely used tool for estimating the likelihood of sexual recidivism and is commonly used to inform legal and correctional decisions involving individuals with a history of sexual offending. Despite its widespread use, there remains limited clarity about what the measure is truly assessing. Previous research suggests that Static-99R items may reflect dimensions such as general criminality, paraphilia, and youthful stranger aggression. However, questions remain surrounding the meaning and organization of these dimensions…[Read More]
This study will clarify the relationship between Static-99R items and assess whether it is consistent across subsamples and recidivism types. Gaining a greater understanding of these underlying factors can help clinicians communicate risk levels more effectively and improve treatment planning by guiding the selection of treatment targets and determining the need for further assessment. It may also provide opportunities for the development team to enhance meaningful interpretation of Static-99R findings and help facilitate the integration of static risk indicators with risk-relevant propensities assessed by other tools. Overall, clarifying how risk factors are organized may strengthen risk communication and improve assessment, case management, and intervention planning in forensic and correctional settings.


Simulating INtegrated Nonlinear Estimates of Risk Scores

Project Lead: Calvin Cressman
The Simulating INtegrated Nonlinear Estimates of Risk Scores (SINNERS) project is a large-scale simulation study designed to investigate why the apparent importance of risk factors can fluctuate across studies, even when the underlying predictors remain unchanged. Using simulated datasets that systematically vary sample size, predictor correlations, score distributions, outcome base rates, truncation, and predictive strength, SINNERS examines how statistical phenomena such as coefficient competition, suppression, dominance reversals, and… [Read More]
artificial incremental validity emerge when correlated predictors are entered into risk prediction models. Particular attention is given to understanding fluctuations in the relative contributions of Static-99R and STABLE-2007, two widely used measures in sexual recidivism risk assessment, and determining when these changes reflect genuine differences in predictive utility versus statistical artifacts arising from model characteristics and sampling variability. The findings will help researchers better interpret incremental validity analyses and identify conditions under which conclusions about the relative importance of risk factors may be misleading.


Field Validity of the Static-99R, STABLE-2007, and ACUTE-2007

Project Lead: Jordyn Monaghan
The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the accuracy of Static-99R, STABLE-2007, and ACUTE-2007 sexual offending risk assessment instruments in routine practice. These measures are used worldwide (Bourgon et al., 2018; Kelly et al., 2019) by criminal justice professionals to assess the risk of sexual recidivism among adult males with a history of sexual offending. In Canada, these tools are commonly used by probation and parole officers supervising males with a current or prior sexual offence history…[Read More]
Given the substantial impact these risk tools can have on sentencing decisions, intervention planning, and other evaluative decisions, it is important to establish their accuracy within a correctional context. The present study will evaluate the predictive accuracy of these tools within a Canadian provincial correctional setting. RCMP criminal history records will be coded by the research team to develop a local normative dataset of provincial recidivism rates. In addition, the study will investigate whether predictive accuracy differs across subgroups of men who have committed sexual offences, such as internet sex offences or non-contact offences. The anticipated benefit of this research is to provide empirical evidence regarding the operational performance of these risk assessment tools. Findings will contribute to more accurate and appropriate correctional decision-making, support the effective allocation of interventions and supervision resources, and ultimately enhance public safety.


Phallometric Assessment Validation Effort 1.0

Project Lead: Angelina Heidebrecht & Josie Labrecque
PAVE 1 is a study surveying professionals who regularly conduct phallometric testing. Phallometric testing, also known as penile plethysmography, is a psychophysiological tool used to assess sexual arousal through changes in penile erection. This project aims to examine current practices across settings, provide recommendations for future research, and contribute to the standardization of the tool’s application.


Computer-Generated Images Reliably Distinguish Sexual Interest Across Gender and Maturity: A Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review

Project Lead: Mobina Karimi
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines how computer-generated and digitally altered stimuli are used to measure sexual attraction and arousal. The project synthesizes findings across studies to evaluate whether these stimuli can distinguish attraction patterns based on gender and maturity level across participant groups. It also reviews the types of synthetic stimuli used in this area, including CGI, morphed, and digitally altered images, as well as the measurement methods used to assess sexual attraction and arousal.


Men who Sexually Offend Against Stranger Victims Have a Higher Density of Risk-Relevant Traits: A Meta-Analysis

Project Lead: Josie Labrecque
This project examined whether victim relationship indicators from Static-99R (items 8 and 9) reflect meaningful differences in underlying risk by comparing individuals who offended familial, acquaintance, and stranger victims on STABLE-2007, a measure of dynamic risk factors related to current psychological functioning and behaviour. The findings contribute to understanding whether observed differences in victim relationships reflect reporting bias or true variations in criminogenic needs.
